Kev hloov pauv digital hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb sai dua li yav dhau los. Kev kawm txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub nyoog digital yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj nrog rau lub sijhawm tuaj txog ntawm lwm nthwv dej tshiab ntawm cov thev naus laus zis uas muaj peev xwm hloov pauv cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm nrog kev xav tsis thoob thiab lub zog: quantum xam.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb piv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav ib txwm siv thiab quantum suav, thiab tseem pib tshawb nrhiav lawv daim ntawv thov hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Dab tsi yog quantum zog?
Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, tib neeg tau tsim thev naus laus zis raws li lawv tau nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntuj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1900 thiab 1930s, kev kawm txog qee qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev uas tseem tsis tau nkag siab zoo tau ua rau muaj kev xav tshiab lub cev: Quantum Mechanics. Qhov kev xav no piav qhia thiab piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb microscopic, lub ntuj nyob ntawm molecules, atoms thiab electrons.
Tsis tsuas yog nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej no, tab sis nws kuj tau ua rau nws nkag siab tias qhov kev muaj tiag subatomic ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ib qho kev tawm tsam-intuitive, yuav luag tej yam yees siv, thiab cov xwm txheej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb microscopic uas tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv. ntiaj teb macroscopic.
Cov khoom quantum no suav nrog quantum superposition, quantum entanglement, thiab quantum teleportation.
- Quantum superposition piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas ib qho particle tuaj yeem nyob hauv ntau lub xeev tib lub sijhawm.
- Quantum entanglement piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas ob qhov tuaj yeem coj mus rau lub xeev "entangled" thiab, tom qab ntawd, teb yuav luag ib txhij nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, txawm tias lawv lub cev nyob deb. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv tuaj yeem muab tso kom deb li deb raws li qhov xav tau, thiab, thaum cuam tshuam nrog ib tus, lwm tus cuam tshuam rau tib qho kev sib cuam tshuam.
- Quantum teleportation siv quantum entanglement xa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ib qho chaw hauv qhov chaw mus rau lwm qhov yam tsis tas yuav mus los ntawm qhov chaw.
Quantum suav yog ua raws li cov khoom quantum ntawm subatomic xwm.
Hauv qhov no, niaj hnub no kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb microscopic los ntawm Quantum Mechanics tso cai rau peb tsim thiab tsim cov thev naus laus zis uas tuaj yeem txhim kho tib neeg lub neej. Muaj ntau ntau yam thev naus laus zis uas siv quantum phenomena, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv, xws li lasers lossis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), tau nyob ib ncig ntawm ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua.
Dab tsi yog quantum suav?
Txhawm rau nkag siab tias quantum computers ua haujlwm li cas, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau thawj zaug piav qhia seb lub khoos phis tawj peb siv li cas txhua hnub, xa mus rau hauv kab lus no ua digital lossis classical computers, ua haujlwm. Cov no, zoo li txhua lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob xws li ntsiav tshuaj lossis xov tooj ntawm tes, siv cov khoom siv los ua lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cim xeeb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov kev pab cuam thiab cov ntawv thov raug encoded hauv cov khoom, piv txwv li hauv cov lus binary ntawm xoom thiab ib qho.
Txhua zaus peb cuam tshuam nrog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv no, piv txwv li los ntawm nias tus yuam sij ntawm cov keyboard, cov hlua ntawm xoom, thiab ib qho raug tsim, rhuav tshem thiab / lossis hloov kho hauv lub computer.
Cov lus nug nthuav yog, cov lej no yog dab tsi thiab cov uas nyob hauv lub computer? Lub xoom thiab ib lub xeev ntawm cov khoom sib raug rau cov hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws, los yog tsis, los ntawm microscopic qhov chaw hu ua transistors, uas ua raws li cov keyboards. Thaum tsis muaj tam sim no ntws, lub transistor yog "tawm" thiab sib raug rau me ntsis 0, thiab thaum nws ntws, nws yog "on" thiab sib raug rau me ntsis 1.
Hauv daim ntawv yooj yim dua, nws zoo li cov khoom 0 thiab 1 sib haum rau qhov, kom lub qhov khoob yog me ntsis 0 thiab lub qhov nyob ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob yog me ntsis 1. Tam sim no peb muaj ib lub tswv yim ntawm niaj hnub computers ua haujlwm. , cia peb sim nkag siab tias quantum computers ua haujlwm li cas.
Los ntawm bits mus rau qubits
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv quantum suav yog quantum ntsis lossis qubit. Qubits yog, los ntawm kev txhais, ob-theem quantum systems uas, zoo li cov khoom, tuaj yeem nyob rau theem qis, uas sib haum mus rau lub xeev ntawm qis excitation lossis lub zog txhais tau tias yog 0; los yog nyob rau theem siab, uas sib haum mus rau lub xeev ntawm excitation siab dua los yog txhais raws li 1.
Txawm li cas los xij, thiab ntawm no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog kev suav classical, qubits kuj tuaj yeem nyob hauv ib qho ntawm ib qho tsis kawg ntawm cov xeev nruab nrab ntawm 0 thiab 1, xws li lub xeev uas yog ib nrab 0 thiab ib nrab 1, lossis peb lub quarters ntawm 0 thiab ib lub quarter. ntawm 1. Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua quantum superposition thiab yog ntuj nyob rau hauv quantum systems.
Quantum algorithms: Exponentially muaj zog dua thiab siv tau zoo
Lub hom phiaj ntawm quantum computers yog coj kom zoo dua ntawm cov quantum zog ntawm qubits, raws li quantum systems, kom muaj peev xwm khiav quantum algorithms uas siv superposition thiab entanglement kom muaj zog ua ntau dua li classical sawv daws yuav.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau taw qhia tias qhov kev hloov pauv tiag tiag tsis suav nrog kev ua ib yam uas cov khoos phis tawj digital lossis classical - cov tam sim no- ua, tab sis sai dua, raws li ntau cov ntawv erroneously thov, tab sis qhov quantum algorithms tso cai rau qee yam haujlwm ua. ua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv kiag li; uas feem ntau ua tau zoo dua - uas yog, nyob rau hauv ntau lub sij hawm tsawg los yog siv deb tsawg dua cov kev pab cuam -.
Cia peb saib ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no txhais li cas. Cia peb xav txog tias peb nyob hauv San Francisco thiab peb xav paub seb qhov twg yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau New York tawm ntawm ib lab txoj kev xaiv mus rau qhov ntawd (N = 1,000,000). Txhawm rau siv cov khoos phis tawj txhawm rau nrhiav txoj hauv kev zoo, peb yuav tsum digitize 1,000,000 cov kev xaiv, uas txhais tau hais tias txhais lawv ua hom lus me me rau lub khoos phis tawj classical thiab qubits rau quantum computer.
Thaum lub khoos phis tawj classical yuav tsum mus dhau txhua txoj hauv kev ib los ntawm ib qho mus txog thaum nws pom qhov xav tau, lub quantum computer siv kom zoo dua ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua quantum parallelism uas tso cai rau nws mus, qhov tseem ceeb, xav txog txhua txoj hauv kev ib zaug. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias quantum computer yuav pom txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws sai dua li lub khoos phis tawj classical, vim yog kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom siv.
Txhawm rau nkag siab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev suav cov peev txheej, nrog n qubits peb tuaj yeem ua qhov sib npaug li qhov yuav ua tau nrog 2n me ntsis. Nws feem ntau hais tias nrog txog 270 qubits koj tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub hauv paus xeev hauv quantum computer - ntau qhov sib txawv thiab ib txhij cov hlua ntawm cov cim - dua li tus naj npawb ntawm atoms hauv ntiaj teb, uas kwv yees li ntawm 2.80. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog tias nws tau kwv yees tias nrog lub khoos phis tawj quantum ntawm 2000 thiab 2500 qubits koj tuaj yeem ua txhaum txhua qhov kev siv cryptography siv niaj hnub no (paub tias yog pej xeem tus lej cryptography).
Raws li kev siv crypto txiaj mus, muaj ntau qhov zoo rau kev siv quantum xam. Yog tias ob lub kaw lus tau sib koom ua ke, qhov ntawd txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg (piv txwv li, thaum ib qho hloov pauv, lwm qhov kuj hloov) thiab tsis muaj lwm tus neeg koom nrog qhov kev sib raug zoo no.
Takeaway
Peb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev hloov pauv digital uas txawv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li blockchain, kev txawj ntse ntse, drones, Internet of Things, virtual reality, 5G, 3D printers, robots lossis kev siv twj ywm muaj ntau zuj zus nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb thiab sectors.
Cov thev naus laus zis no, uas tau tsim los txhim kho tib neeg lub neej zoo los ntawm kev ua kom txoj kev loj hlob sai thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo, tam sim no tau nce mus rau qhov sib npaug. Tsuas yog peb tsis tshua pom cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam uas siv kev sib txuas ntawm ob lossis ntau dua ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, xws li blockchain thiab IoT lossis drones thiab artificial txawj ntse.
Thaum lawv tau destined rau converge thiab yog li tsim exponentially muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua, cov theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob lawv nyob rau hauv thiab tsis tshua muaj developers thiab cov neeg uas muaj keeb kwm technical txhais tau hais tias convergences tseem yog ib tug tseem tab tom ua hauj lwm.
Vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam, quantum thev naus laus zis yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog sib sau ua ke nrog tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis tshiab no, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam dav rau txhua tus ntawm lawv. Quantum xam yuav hem qhov kev lees paub, kev sib pauv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov thev naus laus zis uas cryptography plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, xws li cybersecurity lossis blockchain.
Sau ntawv cia Ncua