Irin wannan fasahar da ke fitar da sanin fuska da kuma motoci masu tuka kansu na iya zama babban makami nan ba da jimawa ba wajen tona asirin boye na sararin samaniya.
Abubuwan da suka faru na baya-bayan nan a cikin binciken sararin samaniya sun haifar da fashewar bayanai.
Na'urorin hangen nesa masu ƙarfi suna tattara terabytes na bayanai kowace rana. Don aiwatar da wannan adadi mai yawa, masana kimiyya suna buƙatar nemo sabbin hanyoyin sarrafa ayyuka daban-daban a fagen, kamar auna radiation da sauran abubuwan da ke faruwa a sararin samaniya.
Wani aiki na musamman da masana ilmin taurari ke ɗokin yin sauri shine rarrabuwar taurari. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu yi bayani kan dalilin da ya sa rarraba taurarin taurari ke da mahimmanci da kuma yadda masu bincike suka fara dogaro da dabarun koyon injuna don haɓaka yayin da adadin bayanai ke ƙaruwa.
Me yasa muke buƙatar rarraba taurari?
Rabe-raben taurari, wanda aka sani a fagen a matsayin tsarin halittar galaxy, ya samo asali ne a karni na 18. A lokacin, Sir William Herschel ya lura cewa 'nebulae' iri-iri sun zo ta nau'i daban-daban. Ɗansa John Herschel ya inganta akan wannan rarrabuwa ta hanyar rarrabe tsakanin nebulae na galactic da waɗanda ba na galactic nebulae. Ƙarshen waɗannan rabe-rabe guda biyu su ne abin da muka sani kuma muka kira galaxies.
A ƙarshen karni na 18, masanan sararin samaniya daban-daban sun yi hasashe cewa waɗannan abubuwan sararin samaniya “extra-galactic” ne, kuma suna kwance a wajen hanyarmu ta Milky Way.
Hubble ya gabatar da sabon rabe-raben taurari a cikin 1925 tare da gabatar da jerin Hubble, wanda aka sani da shi na yau da kullun azaman zane na tuning-fork na Hubble.
Jerin Hubble ya raba galaxies zuwa galaxies na yau da kullun da marasa tsari. An ƙara raba galaxies na yau da kullun zuwa manyan azuzuwan uku: Ellipticals, spirals, and lenticulars.
Nazarin taurarin taurari yana ba mu haske game da asirai masu yawa na yadda duniya ke aiki. Masu bincike sun yi amfani da nau'ikan taurari daban-daban don yin tunani game da tsarin halittar taurari. Ta yin amfani da kwaikwai, masana kimiyya sun kuma yi ƙoƙari su tsara yadda taurarin da kansu suke yin siffar da muke gani a yau.
Rarraba Halin Halitta ta atomatik na Galaxies
Bincike kan yin amfani da koyo na na'ura don rarraba taurari ya nuna sakamako mai ban sha'awa. A cikin 2020, masu bincike daga National Astronomical Observatory of Japan sun yi amfani da a dabarun ilmantarwa mai zurfi don rarraba galaxies daidai.
Masu binciken sun yi amfani da babban bayanan hotuna da aka samu daga Binciken Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). Ta yin amfani da dabararsu, za su iya rarraba taurarin taurari zuwa S-wise spirals, Z-wise spirals, da wadanda ba karkace ba.
Binciken su ya nuna fa'idar hada manyan bayanai daga na'urorin hangen nesa da zurfin ilmantarwa dabaru. Saboda tarun jijiyoyi, yanzu masana ilmin taurari na iya ƙoƙarin rarraba wasu nau'ikan ilimin halittar jiki kamar sanduna, haɗaka, da abubuwa masu ƙarfi. Misali, bincike mai alaka daga MK Cavanagh da K. Bekki sun yi amfani da CNNs don bincikar tsarin mashaya a cikin haɗakar taurari.
Ta yaya Yana Works
Masana kimiyya daga NAOJ sun dogara da juyin juya hali neural networks ko CNNs don rarraba hotuna. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, CNNs sun zama babbar dabara don rarraba wasu abubuwa. Aikace-aikace na ainihi don CNN sun haɗa da gano fuska a cikin hotuna, motoci masu tuƙi, gane rubutun hannu, da likita. nazarin hoto.
Amma ta yaya CNN ke aiki?
CNN na cikin nau'in dabarun koyan inji wanda aka sani da classifier. Masu ƙira na iya ɗaukar takamaiman shigarwa kuma su fitar da wurin bayanai. Misali, mai rarraba alamar titi zai iya ɗaukar hoto da fitar da ko hoton alamar titi ne ko a'a.
CNN misali ne na a neural network. Waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi sun ƙunshi neurons shirya cikin yadudduka. A lokacin horon, ana kunna waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta don daidaita takamaiman ma'auni da ƙima waɗanda zasu taimaka warware matsalar rarrabuwa da ake buƙata.
Lokacin da cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi ta karɓi hoto, tana ɗauka a cikin ƙananan wurare na hoton maimakon komai gaba ɗaya, Kowane neuron yana hulɗa da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda yake ɗauka a sassa daban-daban na babban hoton.
Kasancewar yadudduka na juyin juya hali ya sa CNN ta bambanta da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi. Waɗannan yadudduka suna bincika tubalan pixels tare da manufar gano fasali daga hoton shigarwar. Tun da muke haɗa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin da ke kusa da juna, hanyar sadarwar za ta sami sauƙin fahimtar hoton yayin da bayanan shigarwa ke wucewa ta kowane Layer.
Amfani a cikin Galaxy Morphology
Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen rarraba taurari, CNNs suna rushe hoton galaxy zuwa ƙananan "faci". Yin amfani da ɗan lissafi, ɓoyayyun Layer na farko zai yi ƙoƙarin warware ko facin ya ƙunshi layi ko lanƙwasa. Ƙarin yadudduka za su yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin tambayoyi kamar ko facin yana ƙunshe da siffa ta karkatacciyar galaxy, kamar kasancewar hannu.
Duk da yake yana da sauƙi a tantance ko wani sashe na hoto ya ƙunshi madaidaiciyar layi, sai ya zama mai sarƙaƙiya don tambayar ko hoton yana nuna karkatacciyar galaxy, balle a ce wane nau'in taurari ne.
Tare da cibiyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi, mai rarrabawa yana farawa da ka'idoji da ka'idoji na bazuwar. Waɗannan dokoki sannu a hankali suna ƙara yin daidai kuma suna dacewa da matsalar da muke ƙoƙarin warwarewa. A ƙarshen lokacin horo, cibiyar sadarwar jijiyoyi ya kamata yanzu suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da abubuwan da za a nema a hoto.
Fadada AI ta amfani da Kimiyyar Jama'a
Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa tana nufin binciken kimiyya wanda masana kimiyya masu son ko jama'a ke gudanarwa.
Masana kimiyya da ke nazarin ilimin taurari sukan yi haɗin gwiwa tare da masana kimiyya na ɗan ƙasa don taimakawa wajen yin ƙarin mahimman binciken kimiyya. NASA tana kula da a list Dubban ayyukan kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa waɗanda duk wanda ke da wayar salula ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka zai iya ba da gudummawarsu.
Cibiyar Kula da Astronomical ta Japan ta kuma ƙaddamar da aikin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da Galaxy Cruise. Shirin yana horar da masu sa kai don rarraba taurari da kuma neman alamun yuwuwar karo tsakanin taurarin. Wani aikin dan kasa da ake kira Galaxy Zoo ya riga ya sami sama da miliyan 50 a cikin shekarar farko ta ƙaddamar.
Yin amfani da bayanai daga ayyukan kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa, za mu iya jirgin kasa cibiyoyin sadarwa don rarraba galaxies cikin ƙarin azuzuwan dalla-dalla. Hakanan zamu iya amfani da waɗannan tambarin kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa don nemo taurari masu fasali masu ban sha'awa. Siffofin kamar zobe da ruwan tabarau na iya zama da wahala a samu ta amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta jijiya.
Kammalawa
Dabarun hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi suna ƙara samun shahara a fagen ilimin taurari. Ƙaddamar da na'urar hangen nesa ta NASA na James Webb a cikin 2021 yayi alkawarin sabon zamani na kallon taurari. Na'urar hangen nesa ta riga ta tattara bayanan terabytes, tare da yuwuwar wasu dubbai a kan hanya a cikin ayyukan sa na shekaru biyar.
Rarraba taurarin taurari ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ayyuka masu yuwuwa waɗanda za a iya haɓaka su da ML. Tare da sarrafa bayanan sararin samaniya ya zama nasa matsalar Babban Data, masu bincike dole ne su yi amfani da ingantaccen koyo na injin don fahimtar babban hoto.
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