Fannin kimiyyar likitanci ya sami ci gaba sosai tsawon shekaru. Daga ci gaba a cikin haɓaka sabbin magungunan likitanci zuwa aiwatar da nanotechnology a cikin na'urorin kula da lafiya, mun yi nisa a matsayin nau'in.
Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ci gaban shine ikon fahimta da canza yanayin jikin ɗan adam ta hanyar canza yanayin halittarsa!
Labarin yana ba mai karatu gabatarwa game da fannin ilimin halittu, ya wuce tsarin halittar ɗan adam da aikace-aikacen gyaran kwayoyin halitta da fasahar CRISPR.
Halittar Dan Adam
A ilimin halitta, ɗan adam tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ke da halaye masu yawa. Wadannan halaye, kamar tsayi, launin gashi, launin ido, fasalin fuska, da sauransu, ana iya ƙaddara ta amfani da DNA ɗin su.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) wani abu ne da ya ƙunshi muhimman abubuwan sinadarai (sukari, phosphate, da tushe) waɗanda ke ɗauke da dukkan bayanai game da yadda wani abu mai rai zai yi kama da aiki.
Masanan halittu da ƙwararrun likitanci na iya yanke bayanan, na musamman ga kowa, ta hanyar nazarin tsarin DNA.
kwayoyin halittu
Kwayar halitta wani yanki ne na musamman na DNA wanda ke ƙididdige furotin guda ɗaya. Sunadaran da kwayoyin halitta ke samarwa ne ke yin aikin aiwatar da ayyukan DNA.
Kwayoyin halitta suna aiki azaman raka'a na gado kuma suna da alhakin isar da halaye na musamman daga iyaye zuwa zuriyarsu.
Jimillar jimillar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta ana kiranta kwayoyin halittarta. Fahimtar kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ya bai wa masana kimiyya damar haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin yin magani, warkarwa, ko ma hana dubban cututtuka da ke addabar ’yan Adam.
Wannan shine inda gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya shigo.
Gyaran Halitta
Genom ko gyaran kwayoyin halitta rukuni ne na fasaha da ke ba masana kimiyya damar canza DNA ta kwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan fasahohin suna ba da damar ƙara, cirewa ko musanya kayan halitta a takamaiman wurare a cikin kwayoyin halitta.
Ba kamar sauran fasahohin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke shigar da kwayoyin halitta ba da gangan ba a cikin kwayoyin halitta, waɗannan fasahohin sun yi niyya don sakawa a takamaiman wurare.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
Gyaran kwayoyin halitta ya ƙunshi enzymes. Enzymes sunadaran sunadaran da ke taimakawa ko hanzarta tafiyar da sinadarai. Enzymes da aka yi amfani da su wajen gyaran kwayoyin halitta ana kiran su nuclease kuma suna iya yanke DNA.
An kera makaman nukiliya da wani sinadari da ke jagorantar su zuwa igiyoyin DNA da za su yanke. Wadannan sassan DNA da aka yanke na iya sake farfadowa, amma a wannan karon ana ciyar da su da bayanin da ake so don musanya cikin sassan DNA da ake so.
Sabbin igiyoyi, na nufin sabbin kwayoyin halitta kuma sabbin kwayoyin halitta suna nufin sabbin halaye.
Masana kimiyya suna amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta don bincika cututtuka daban-daban da ke shafar mutane.
Suna gyara kwayoyin halittar dabbobi, kamar beraye da kifi, kuma suna lura da yadda waɗannan canje-canjen ke shafar lafiyarsu. Daga nan sai suka yi amfani da binciken nasu wajen hasashen yadda irin wannan sauyi na kwayoyin halittar dan adam zai iya shafar lafiyar dan Adam.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, masana kimiyya suna haɓaka maganin kwayoyin halitta. Waɗannan jiyya sun haɗa da yin rigakafi da magance cututtuka a cikin mutane ta amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta.
Fasahar CRISPR
Babban ci gaba a fasahar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ita ce gabatar da Gajerun Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Gajerun Matsakaicin Matsakaici (CRISPR).
CRISPR ya dogara ne akan tsarin tsaro wanda ke faruwa a cikin wasu kwayoyin cuta. DNA a cikin irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ya ƙunshi gajerun jeri na palindromic da yawa (kalmomi iri ɗaya duka gaba da baya, kamar RAAR).
Kwayoyin cutar za su adana guntun ƙwayoyin cuta da suka yi yaƙi da su a cikin waɗannan jeri na palindromic.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
Enzyme da ake amfani da shi a cikin CRISPR ana kiransa Cas9. Wannan enzyme yana haɗa kanta zuwa jerin palindromic mai kamuwa da cuta kuma yana yanke DNA guntu, yana riƙe bayanai game da ƙwayar cuta.
Protein Cas da ke dauke da makamai zai gane kwayar halittar DNA kuma ta lalata shi nan da nan idan kwayar cutar ta sake kamuwa da ita.
Aikace-aikace na CRISPR
An yi amfani da CRISPR ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da bincike, kiwon lafiya, kiwon dabbobi, samar da abinci, koren man fetur, da ƙari mai yawa.
1. Bincike
Ana aiwatar da tsarin CRISPR a cikin binciken da ke da alaƙa da rage cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dabbobi kuma ana iya ɗaukar su nan ba da jimawa ba a asibitin don magance cututtukan ido da jini na ɗan adam.
Kasar Sin da Amurka sun amince da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti guda biyu ta amfani da CRISPR-Cas9 don maganin ciwon daji da aka yi niyya.
Bayan aikace-aikacen likitanci, waɗannan kayan aikin yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin bincike don haɓaka amfanin gona da kiwo, injiniyan sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta, da sarrafa kwari masu ɗauke da cuta tare da sarrafa kwayoyin halitta.
2. Lafiya
Masana kimiyya sun sami damar haɓaka hanyoyin da za su lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta (bacteriophages) tare da fasahar CRISPR-Cas9.
Waɗannan tsarin kuma suna ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran dabbobi don cututtukan ɗan adam da kuma kawar da kwayar cutar HIV daga ƙwayoyin cuta.
A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta na cutar ɗan adam, CRISPR ta gyara kuskuren ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ya haifar da ceton asibiti na ƙwayoyin cuta.
3. Kiwo na dabbobi
An yi amfani da CRISPR akan embryos na farko don ƙirƙirar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara, kuma an allura su cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje don cimma ingantaccen gyaran kwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen jikinsu.
An yi amfani da hanyoyin da aka danganta da CRISPR don gyara kwayoyin halittar dabbobi da suka haɗa da beraye, beraye, da sauran abubuwan da ba na ɗan adam ba. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don haɓaka haɓaka aiki, juriya na cuta, da kunna halayen da ake nema a cikin dabbobi.
Yin amfani da CRISPR, ƙila ma mu sami damar gabatar da tsararrun ƙirar dabbobi.
4. Samar da Abinci
CRISPR fasahar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta na iya inganta yawan amfanin gona da inganci; jure fari na shuka, maganin ciyawa da juriya na kwari, haɓaka amincin abinci da tsaro.
Hakanan zai iya taimakawa kawar da juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta, inganta rayuwar rayuwar samfur, da haɓaka aikin cikin gida na shuka.
Tsirrai masu inganci suna nufin abinci mai inganci ga dabbobi, don haka inganta lafiyar su. Tun da tsire-tsire da dabbobi sune tushen tsarin tsarin abincin mu, zamu iya samun ingantacciyar ingancin abinci da samfura.
5. Koren Man Fetur
Koren man fetur shine man fetur wanda aka samar daga tushen kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da alaƙa da muhalli.
CRISPR ya ba da damar samar da ninki biyu na adadin biodiesel (nau'i na koren man fetur) daga algae phototropic.
Ana samun wannan man ne ta hanyar ninka samar da lipid a cikin algae, ta amfani da CRISPR don tweak kwayoyin halitta. Lipids suna ƙonewa kuma da gaske sun haɗa da biodiesel.
Amma gyaran kwayoyin halitta yana da da'a?
Canza yanayin aiki tabbas zai gayyato damuwar ɗabi'a. Canza kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ta amfani da fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta, irin su CRISPR, ba su sami goyan bayan da babu shakka ba. Wannan saboda canje-canjen da aka yi a cikin kwayoyin halittar kwai da maniyyi za a iya kaiwa ga al'ummai masu zuwa.
Akwai babbar muhawara kan ko ya kamata a yi amfani da wannan fasaha don haɓaka halayen ɗan adam na yau da kullun (kamar hankali ko tsayi).
Damuwar tsaro kuma tana tasowa yayin amfani da wannan fasaha saboda koyaushe akwai yuwuwar samun sakamako mara kyau (gyara a wurin da ba daidai ba) da mosaicism (lokacin da wasu sel ke ɗaukar gyara amma wasu ba sa).
Dangane da damuwa game da ɗabi'a da aminci, gyaran kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin haifuwa a halin yanzu haramun ne a ƙasashe da yawa.
Kammalawa
Fahimtar kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam ya ba mu damar canza fasahar kiwon lafiya akan nanoscale.
Gyaran Halittu da fasahar CRISPR waɗanda suka samar da aikace-aikace masu fa'ida ta fuskar kawar da cututtuka har ma da gyara kurakuran ɗan adam.
Masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan fasahohin sune mabuɗin ƙirƙirar tsarar homo sapiens marasa cuta tare da ingantattun halaye.
Menene ra'ayinku game da gyaran kwayoyin halitta? Bari mu sani a cikin sharhi.
Leave a Reply