Robotics wani nau'i ne na musamman na kimiyya da fasaha wanda ke samar da injuna masu kama da ayyukan mutane.
A farkon 2000s, kashi 90% na robots suna cikin masana'antar kera motoci suna maye gurbin mutane don ayyuka masu maimaitawa. Yanzu mutum-mutumi na iya share gidaje har ma da hidima a gidajen abinci.
Mutum-mutumi yakan ƙunshi nau'ikan abubuwa uku; jikin inji; kwarangwal na lantarki, kuma a karshe kwakwalwar da aka yi da code.
Waɗannan ɓangarorin suna ba da damar mutum-mutumi don tattara bayanai (sau da yawa daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin), yanke shawara ta hanyar dabaru da aka tsara don daidaita ɗabi'a da kammala ayyuka.
Robots na iya samun nau'ikan shirye-shirye iri uku; Ikon nesa (RC), Artificial Intelligence (AI), ko Hybrid.
Shirye-shiryen RC suna buƙatar sa hannun ɗan adam wanda zai iya ba da farawa da/ko siginar tsayawa don aiwatar da lamba ga robot. Shirye-shiryen sun ƙunshi nau'ikan algorithms iri-iri, kowannensu yana da ayyuka daban-daban.
Menene algorithm?
Algorithm jerin layukan lamba ne waɗanda mutum-mutumi zai iya amfani da su don aiwatar da wasu umarni. Yana fassara ra'ayoyin mai haɓakawa zuwa harshen da mutum-mutumi ke fahimta.
Ana iya bayyana algorithms a cikin nau'ikan rubutu da yawa, gami da pseudocode, taswirar ruwa, yarukan shirye-shirye, ko kula da tebur.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu tattauna wasu nau'ikan algorithms gama-gari da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen.
Nau'o'in algorithms da ake amfani da su a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi
1. Kowane lokaci A* Algorithm
Algorithm na A* algorithm ne na binciken hanya wanda ake amfani dashi don nemo mafi kyawun hanya tsakanin maki biyu, watau tare da mafi ƙarancin farashi.
Kowane lokaci A * Algorithm yana da sassaucin lokaci mai sauƙi kuma yana iya dawo da mafi guntu hanya ko da an katse shi yayin da yake samar da mafita mara kyau da farko sannan kuma ya inganta shi.
Wannan yana ba da damar yanke shawara cikin sauri kamar yadda mutum-mutumi zai iya ginawa akan lissafin baya maimakon farawa daga karce.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
Yana yin haka ne ta hanyar samar da 'itace' wacce ke tashi daga farkon kumburi har sai an jawo ka'idojin ƙarewa wanda ke nufin akwai wata hanya mai ƙarancin tsada.
Ana yin Grid na 2D tare da cikas kuma farkon tantanin halitta da sel masu manufa suna da nuni.
Algorithm ya bayyana 'darajar' kumburi ta f wanda shine jimlar sigogi g (farashin motsi daga kumburin farawa zuwa kumburin da ake tambaya) da h (farashin motsi daga kumburin da ake tambaya zuwa kumburin manufa).
Aikace-aikace
Yawancin wasanni da taswirori na tushen yanar gizo suna amfani da wannan algorithm don nemo mafi guntu hanya da inganci. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don robobin hannu.
Hakanan zaka iya magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa kamar su Newton – Raphson An yi amfani da maimaitawa don nemo tushen murabba'in lamba.
Hakanan ana amfani da shi a cikin matsalolin yanayi don hasashen motsi da karo na wani abu a sararin samaniya.
2. D* Algorithm
D*, Mai da hankali D* da D* Lite sune algorithms bincike na haɓaka don nemo mafi guntu hanya tsakanin maki biyu.
Su, duk da haka, cakuda ne na A* algorithms da sabbin binciken da ke ba su damar ƙara bayanai zuwa taswirorin su don cikas da ba a san su ba.
Za su iya sake ƙididdige hanya bisa sababbin bayanai, kamar Mars Rover.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
Aiki na D* Algorithm yayi kama da na A*, algorithm ɗin ya fara bayyana f, h kuma yana ƙirƙirar jerin buɗaɗɗe da rufewa.
Bayan wannan, D * Algorithm yana ƙayyade ƙimar g na yanzu ta hanyar amfani da ƙimar g na nodes ɗin makwabta.
Kowane kumburin maƙwabta yana yin zato game da ƙimar g na yanzu kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙimar g an daidaita shi azaman sabuwar g ƙimar.
Aikace-aikace
D * da bambance-bambancensa ana amfani da su sosai don mutum-mutumi na hannu da abin hawa mai zaman kansa kewayawa.
Irin waɗannan tsarin kewayawa sun haɗa da tsarin samfurin da aka gwada akan Dama da Ruhi na Mars rovers da tsarin kewayawa wanda ya ci nasara. Kalubalen Birane na DARPA.
3. Algorithm na PRM
PRM, ko taswirar hanya mai yuwuwa, jadawali ne na hanyar sadarwa na hanyoyin da za a iya dogara da su kyauta da wuraren da aka mamaye akan taswirar da aka bayar.
Ana amfani da su a cikin hadaddun tsarin tsare-tsare da kuma samun ƙananan hanyoyi masu tsada a kusa da cikas.
PRMs suna amfani da samfurin bazuwar maki akan taswirarsu inda na'urar robot zata iya motsawa sannan kuma ana ƙididdige hanya mafi guntu.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
PRM ya ƙunshi tsarin gini da lokacin tambaya.
A cikin kashi na farko, an zana taswirar hanya wanda ke kimanta yiwuwar motsi a cikin yanayi. Ana ƙirƙira bazuwar saitin kuma an haɗa shi zuwa wasu maƙwabta.
An haɗa saitunan farawa da manufa zuwa jadawali a cikin lokacin tambaya. Ana samun hanyar ta hanyar a Hanyar mafi guntuwar Dijkstra tambaya.
Aikace-aikace
Ana amfani da PRM a cikin masu tsarawa na gida, inda algorithm ke lissafta madaidaiciyar hanyar layi tsakanin maki biyu, wato na farko, da maki burin.
Hakanan za'a iya amfani da algorithm don inganta tsara hanya da aikace-aikacen gano karo.
4. Algorithm na Sifili (ZMP).
Sifili Lokacin Point (dabarun ZMP) algorithm ne da mutummutumi ke amfani da shi don kiyaye jimlar rashin aiki sabanin ƙarfin amsawar bene.
Wannan algorithm yana amfani da manufar ƙididdige ZMP kuma yana amfani da shi ta hanyar daidaita mutum-mutumi na bipedal. Yin amfani da wannan algorithm akan shimfidar ƙasa mai santsi da alama yana ba robot damar tafiya kamar babu wani lokaci.
Kamfanonin kera irin su ASIMO (Honda) suna amfani da wannan fasaha.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
An shirya motsi na mutum-mutumi mai tafiya ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin motsi na angular. Yana tabbatar da cewa motsin haɗin gwiwa da aka haifar yana ba da tabbacin kwanciyar hankali na mutum-mutumi.
Ana ƙididdige wannan kwanciyar hankali ta nisa na sifili-lokaci (ƙididdige ta algorithm) a cikin iyakoki na ƙayyadaddun yankin kwanciyar hankali.
Aikace-aikace
Za a iya amfani da maki sifili azaman ma'auni don tantance kwanciyar hankali game da jujjuyawar mutum-mutumi kamar iRobot PackBot lokacin da ake kewaya tudu da cikas.
5. Proportal Integral Bambanci (PID) Sarrafa Algorithm
Gudanar da Bambance-bambancen Haɗin kai ko PID, yana ƙirƙira madaidaicin ra'ayin firikwensin don daidaita saituna don abubuwan injina ta ƙididdige ƙimar kuskure.
Waɗannan Algorithms sun haɗu da duk ƙa'idodi guda uku na asali, watau, rabo, haɗin kai, da abin da aka samo asali don ya samar da siginar sarrafawa.
Yana aiki a ainihin lokacin kuma yana aiwatar da gyare-gyare a inda ake buƙata. Ana iya ganin wannan a ciki motocin motsa jiki.
Yaya ta yi aiki?
Mai sarrafa PID yana amfani da sharuɗɗan sarrafawa guda uku na daidaito, haɗaɗɗiyar tasiri da tasiri akan fitarwa don amfani da ingantaccen iko mafi kyau.
Wannan mai sarrafa yana ci gaba da ƙididdige ƙimar kuskure azaman bambanci tsakanin madaidaicin wurin da ake so da madaidaicin tsari da aka auna.
Sannan yana aiwatar da gyara don rage girman kuskuren akan lokaci ta hanyar daidaita canjin sarrafawa.
Aikace-aikace
Wannan mai sarrafawa zai iya sarrafa duk wani tsari wanda ke da fitarwa mai iya aunawa, sanannen ƙima mai kyau don wannan fitarwa, da shigar da tsarin da zai shafi abin da ake aunawa.
Ana amfani da masu sarrafawa a cikin masana'antu don daidaita yanayin zafi, matsa lamba, ƙarfi, nauyi, matsayi, sauri da kowane ma'auni wanda akwai ma'auni.
Kammalawa
Don haka, waɗannan su ne wasu mafi yawan al'adar algorithm da ake amfani da su a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi. Duk waɗannan algorithms suna da sarƙaƙƙiya tare da cakuɗe na zahiri, algebra na layi da ƙididdiga waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsara ayyuka da motsi.
Koyaya, yayin da fasaha ke haɓaka aikin mutum-mutumi algorithms za su haɓaka don zama maɗaukakiyar rikitarwa. Mutum-mutumin za su iya kammala ƙarin ayyuka kuma su yi tunanin kansu.
Idan kun ji daɗin wannan labarin, Biyan kuɗi zuwa HashDork's Weekly sabuntawa ta hanyar imel, inda muke raba sabbin AI, ML, DL, Shirye-shiryen & labarai na Fasaha na gaba.
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